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# GNU Screen

出自 Arch Linux 中文维基

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翻譯狀態：

- 本文（或部分內容）譯自 GNU Screen，最近一次同步於 2024-5-28，若英文版本有所更改，則您可以幫助同步與翻譯更改的內容。
- 您可以在 ArchWiki 的對應頁面找到本文翻譯的原始修訂歷史。
- 本文可能與英文原文存在出入。

本文或本節需要翻譯。要貢獻翻譯，請訪問簡體中文翻譯團隊。

附註： 需要翻譯。（在 Talk:GNU Screen# 中討論）

GNU Screen 是一個全屏窗口管理器，它在多個進程（通常是交互式 shell）之間復用一個物理終端。Screen 中運行的程序在其窗口當前不可見時仍可繼續運行，甚至在整個屏幕會話從用戶終端分離時也是如此。

有關功能之描述，參閱官方概述 GNU Screen 手冊。

## 安裝

安裝 screen包 軟體包。

## 用法

輸入命令時按下 "轉義鍵 "`Ctrl+a`，然後進行鍵綁定。

有些用戶認為默認的轉義鍵 `Ctrl+a` 不方便。可以按照 #更改轉義鍵中的說明，將轉義鍵更改為其他鍵。

### 常用命令

- `Ctrl+a` `?` 顯示命令及其默認值
- `Ctrl+a` `:` 進入屏幕命令提示符
- `Ctrl+a` `"` 窗口列表
- `Ctrl+a` `0` 打開窗口 0
- `Ctrl+a` `A` 命名當前窗口
- `Ctrl+a` `a` 發送到 `Ctrl+a` 當前窗口
- `Ctrl+a` `c` 創建一個新窗口（帶 shell）
- `Ctrl+a` `S` 將當前區域水平拆分為兩個區域
- `Ctrl+a` `|` 將當前區域垂直拆分為兩個區域
- `Ctrl+a` `tab` 將輸入焦點切換到下一個區域
- `Ctrl+a` `Ctrl+a` 在當前區域和上一個區域之間切換
- `Ctrl+a` `Esc` 進入複製模式（使用 Enter 選擇文本範圍）
- `Ctrl+a` `]` 粘貼文本
- `Ctrl+a` `Q` 關閉除當前區域之外的所有區域
- `Ctrl+a` `X` 關閉當前區域
- `Ctrl+a` `d` 脫離當前 screen 會話，讓其繼續運行。使用 `screen -r` 恢復

### 命令提示符命令

- `Ctrl+a` `:quit` 關閉所有窗口並關閉屏幕會話

Closes all windows and closes screen session

- `Ctrl+a` `:source ~/.screenrc` 重載 screenrc 配置文件（也可使用 `/etc/screenrc`）

### 命名會話

要創建命名會話，請使用以下命令運行 screen：

    $ screen -S session_name

要（重新）命名現有會話，請在屏幕運行時運行以下命令：

`Ctrl+a` `:sessionname session_name`

列印標識屏幕會話的 pid.tty.host 字符串列表：

    $ screen -list

要附加到已命名的屏幕會話，請運行此命令：

    $ screen -x session_name

或

    $ screen -r session_name

### 自定義屏幕

You can modify the default settings for Screen according to your preference either through a personal `.screenrc` file which contains commands to be executed at startup (e.g. `~/.screenrc`) or on the fly in command mode (e.g. `Ctrl+a` `:vbell off`).

## Tips and tricks

### Autostart with systemd

This service autostarts screen for the specified user (e.g. `systemctl enable screen@florian`). Running this as a system unit is important, because systemd --user instance is not guaranteed to be running and will be killed when the last session for given the user is closed.

    /etc/systemd/system/screen@.service

    [Unit]
    Description=screen
    After=network.target

    [Service]
    Type=simple
    User=%i
    ExecStart=/usr/bin/screen -DmS autoscreen
    ExecStop=/usr/bin/screen -S autoscreen -X quit

    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target

### Change the escape key

It can be a good idea to change the default escape key, not only because "a" is usually typed with the left pinky, but also because `Ctrl+a` is mapped to the common command `beginning-of-line` in GNU Readline and Bash-like shells.

The escape key can be changed with the `escape` option in `~/.screenrc`, or the `-e` option to `screen`.

For example, if you find that you rarely type `Ctrl+j` in your shell or editor, you could use `escape ^Jj` to set the escape key to `Ctrl+j`. The second "j" means that a literal `Ctrl+j` can be sent to the terminal via the sequence `Ctrl+j` `j`. For Dvorak keyboard users, `Ctrl+t` (`escape ^Tt`) might be more convenient.

More exotic options include `escape ``` which sets the escape key to ```, or `escape ^^^` which sets it to `Ctrl+^`.

The escape key is also called the "command character" in Screen documentation.

### Start at window 1

By default, the first screen window is 0. If you would rather never have a window 0 and start instead with 1, add the following lines on your configuration:

    ~/.screenrc

    bind c screen 1
    bind ^c screen 1
    bind 0 select 10
    screen 1

### Nested Screen Sessions

It is possible to get stuck in a nested screen session. A common scenario: you start an SSH session from within a screen session. Within the SSH session, you start screen. By default, the outer screen session that was launched first responds to `Ctrl+a` commands. To send a command to the inner screen session, use `Ctrl+a` `a`, followed by your command. For example:

- `Ctrl+a` `a` `d` Detaches the inner screen session.
- `Ctrl+a` `a` `K` Kills the inner screen session.

### Start Screen on every shell

For Bash and Zsh, add the following snippet to your `.bashrc` or `.zshrc` before your aliases:

    ~/.bashrc or ~/.zshrc

    if [[ -z "$STY" ]]; then
       screen -xRR session_name
    fi

### Use 256 colors

本文或本節內容已經過時。

原因： screen 4.4 sets `$TERM` to `screen.$TERM`, although the manual says something different. There should be no need to modify it in `~/.screenrc`. (在Talk:GNU Screen討論)

By default, Screen uses an 8-color terminal emulator. To enable more colors, you need to be using a terminal that supports them and set the correct term value. This will use terminfo to describe how the ANSI escape codes will be interpreted. An entry in the terminfo database structure must exist, ncurses包 provides many common descriptions stored under `/usr/share/terminfo/`.

First try the generic value:

    ~/.screenrc

    term screen-256color

If that does not work, try setting it based on your terminal. When using xterm-based terminal:

    ~/.screenrc

    term xterm-256color

When using rxvt-unicode:

    ~/.screenrc

    term rxvt-unicode-256color

注意：`/usr/share/terminfo/r/rxvt-unicode-256color` is provided by rxvt-unicode-terminfo包, which is installed as a dependency of rxvt-unicode包. However, if you log into a server via SSH and run screen there, this terminfo file might not be available on the server. In this case it is recommended to copy `/usr/share/terminfo/r/rxvt-unicode-256color` on the server, it can be saved in `~/.terminfo/`.

As a last resort, try setting termcapinfo instead:

    ~/.screenrc

    attrcolor b ".I"    # allow bold colors - necessary for some reason
    termcapinfo xterm 'Co#256:AB=\E[48;5;%dm:AF=\E[38;5;%dm'   # tell screen how to set colors. AB = background, AF=foreground
    defbce on    # use current bg color for erased chars

### Informative statusbar

The default statusbar may be a little lacking. You may find this one more helpful:

    ~/.screenrc

    hardstatus off
    hardstatus alwayslastline
    hardstatus string '%{= kG}[ %{G}%H %{g}][%= %{= kw}%?%-Lw%?%{r}(%{W}%n*%f%t%?(%u)%?%{r})%{w}%?%+Lw%?%?%= %{g}][%{B} %m-%d %{W} %c %{g}]'

Another possibility, taken from frodfrog's blog[失效連結 2023-04-23 ⓘ] is:

    ~/.screenrc

    hardstatus alwayslastline '%{= G}[ %{G}%H %{g}][%= %{= w}%?%-Lw%?%{= R}%n*%f %t%?%{= R}(%u)%?%{= w}%+Lw%?%= %{= g}][ %{y}Load: %l %{g}][%{B}%Y-%m-%d %{W}%c:%s %{g}]'

As of Screen v5 (master branch currently) the escape codes have changed, you could use this instead:

    ~/.screenrc

    truecolors on
    hardstatus off
    backtick 0 5 5 "/bin/date" '+%Y-%m-%d'
    backtick 1 5 5 "/bin/date" '+%H:%M'
    hardstatus alwayslastline '%{#00ff00}[ %H ][%{#ffffff}%= %{7}%?%-Lw%?%{1;0}%{1}(%{15}%n%f%t%?(%u)%?%{1;0}%{1})%{7}%?%+Lw%?%? %=%{#00ff00}][ %{#00a5ff}%{6}%0` %{#ffffff}%{7}%1`%{#00ff00} ]'

statusbar at top:

    ~/.screenrc

    hardstatus firstline

### Turn welcome message off

    ~/.screenrc

    startup_message off

### Turn your hardstatus line into a dynamic urxvt|xterm|aterm window title

This one is pretty simple; just switch your current `hardstatus` line into a `caption` line with notification, and edit accordingly:

    ~/.screenrc

    backtick 1 5 5 true
    termcapinfo rxvt* 'hs:ts=\E]2;:fs=\007:ds=\E]2;\007'
    hardstatus string "screen (%n: %t)"
    caption string "%{= kw}%Y-%m-%d;%c %{= kw}%-Lw%{= kG}%{+b}[%n %t]%{-b}%{= kw}%+Lw%1`"
    caption always

This will give you something like `screen (0 bash)` in the title of your terminal emulator. The caption supplies the date, current time, and colorizes your screen window collection.

### Use X scrolling mechanism

The scroll buffer of GNU Screen can be accessed with `Ctrl+a` `[`. However, this is very inconvenient. To use the scroll bar of e.g. xterm or Konsole, add the following line [1]:

    ~/.screenrc

    termcapinfo xterm*|rxvt*|kterm*|Eterm* ti@:te@

### Attach an existing running program to screen

If you started a program outside Screen, but now you would like it to be inside, you can use reptyr to reparent the process from its current TTY to one inside screen.

Install the reptyr包 package.

Get the PID of the process (you can use `ps ax` for that). Now just enter the PID as argument to reptyr inside a screen window.

    $ reptyr pid

### Setting a different bash prompt while in screen

If you want a different bash prompt when in a screen session, add the following to your `.bashrc`[2]:

    if [ -z $STY ]
    then
            PS1="YOUR REGULAR PROMPT"
    else
            PS1="YOUR SCREEN PROMPT"
    fi

### Turn off visual bell

With this setting, Screen will not make an ugly screen flash instead of a bell sound.

    ~/.screenrc

    vbell off

### Getting rid of the vertical and horizontal bars

To get rid of the vertical bars:

    $ ~/.screenrc

    rendition so =00

To hide the horizontal bar, set the back and foreground color to default (d) and display a blank (" "):

    ~/.screenrc

    caption string "%{03} "

If this does not work, try `caption string "%{00} "` instead. For the default caption in black and white, use `caption string "%{00}%3n %t"`.

## 問題解決

### 修復編輯器文本殘留問題

在屏幕中打開文本編輯器（如 nano），然後關閉它時，文本可能會在終端中保持可見。要解決這個問題，請執行以下操作：

    ~/.screenrc

    altscreen on

### 修復窗口列表中名稱列僅顯示 "bash "的問題

這篇文章的某些內容需要擴充。

原因：應解釋一下此命令的作用。 (在 Talk:GNU Screen 中討論)

向 `~/.screenrc` 添加以下內容：

    ~/.screenrc

    windowlist string "%4n %h%=%f"

## 參見

- Wikipedia:GNU Screen
- GNU Screen 用戶手冊
- Gentoo:Screen
- Arch Forums - 帶屏幕截圖的 .screenrc 配置
- Arch Forums - 關於 urxvt 的 256 色問題
- MacOSX Hints - Automatically using screen in your shell[失效連結 2023-06-17 ⓘ]

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